Brief Introduction

在國際貿(mào)易中，貨物從賣方到達(dá)買方，通常要經(jīng)過長途的運(yùn)輸、裝卸和存儲等過程。在此過程中，貨物常常會遇到許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為了保障貨物遭受損失時(shí)能得到一定的補(bǔ)償，買方或賣方應(yīng)在貨物裝船后向保險(xiǎn)公司投保貨物運(yùn)輸險(xiǎn)。

對外貿(mào)易的運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)是指：被保險(xiǎn)人（出口人或進(jìn)口人）對一批或若干批貨物向保險(xiǎn)人按一定金額投保一定的險(xiǎn)別，并交納保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)；保險(xiǎn)人承保后，如果所保貨物在運(yùn)輸過程中發(fā)生約定范圍內(nèi)的損失，應(yīng)按照所出具的保險(xiǎn)單的規(guī)定給予被保險(xiǎn)人經(jīng)濟(jì)上的補(bǔ)償。

投保時(shí)，通常選擇平安險(xiǎn)（F.P.A.），水漬險(xiǎn)（W.A.或W.P.A. ）或一切險(xiǎn)（A.R.）三種基本險(xiǎn)別中的一種，然后，加保其他必要的特殊附加險(xiǎn)別。

Basic Expressions

1. We have covered insurance on 1，000 cases of beer for 110% of the invoice value against all risks.

我們已將一千箱啤酒按發(fā)票金額的百分之一百一十投保一切險(xiǎn)。

2. If you desire us to insure against a special risk， an extra premium will have to be charged.

如你想投保特殊險(xiǎn)別，將向你收取額外保費(fèi)。

3. This risk is coverable at a premium of 0.25%.

該險(xiǎn)別的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)是百分之零點(diǎn)二五。

4. The insurance company insures this risk with 5% franchise.

保險(xiǎn)公司保這種險(xiǎn)有百分之五的免賠額。

5. After loading the goods on board the ship， you must go to the insurance company to have them insured.

貨船裝船后，你必須找保險(xiǎn)公司為貨物投保。

6. We can serve you with a broad range of coverage against all kinds of risks for sea transport， such as Free of Particular Average （F. P.A.）， With Particular Average （W.P.A.）， All Risks and Extraneous Risks.

我們可以承保海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)乃须U(xiǎn)別，如：平安險(xiǎn)、水漬險(xiǎn)、一切險(xiǎn) 和附加險(xiǎn)。

7. W.P.A. plus Risk of Breakage suit your consignment.

貴方貨物適合于投保水漬險(xiǎn)及破碎險(xiǎn)。

8. The premium is calculated according to the premium rate or rates for risks to be covered.

保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)是根據(jù)投保險(xiǎn)別的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率計(jì)算的。

9. They will undertake to compensate you for the losses according to the risks insured.

他們將根據(jù)所投保的險(xiǎn)別，對損失負(fù)責(zé)賠償。

10. We are able to cover all kinds of risks for transportation by sea， land and air.

我們可以辦理海運(yùn)、陸運(yùn)和空運(yùn)的所有險(xiǎn)別。

11. We won't have such a risk included， as it is not stipulated in the Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses.

我們不能投保此項(xiàng)險(xiǎn)別，因?yàn)楹Ｑ筮\(yùn)輸條款中沒有包括這一險(xiǎn)別。

12. Do you cover risk other than W.P.A. and War Risk？

除了水漬險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)外，你們還保其他險(xiǎn)嗎？

13. As a rule， the extra premium involved will be for buyer's account.

按常規(guī)，額外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)應(yīng)由買方負(fù)責(zé)。

14. Please note that our insurance coverage is for 110% of the invoice value only.

請注意我們的保險(xiǎn)范圍只是發(fā)票金額的百分之一百一十。

15. How long is the period from the commencement to termination of the insurance？

保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任的起訖期限有多長？

16. We adopt the warehouse-to-warehouse clause that is commonly used in international insurance.

我們采用國際保險(xiǎn)中常用的“倉至倉”的責(zé)任條款。

17. According to international practice， we do not insure against such risks unless the buyers call for them.

按照國際慣例，我們不投保這些險(xiǎn)別，除非買主提出要求投保。

18. Breakage is a special risk， for which an extra premium will have to be charged.

破碎險(xiǎn)是一種特別險(xiǎn)，需收取額外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。

19. Because they aren't delicate goods and not likely to be damaged on the voyage.

因?yàn)檫@些不是易碎易損的貨物，航行中不大可能被損壞。

Conversations

Dialogue 1

A： Good afternoon， Mr. Brown. My appointment was at 4 o'clock， wasn't it？

B： Yes， Mrs. Wang. We have been expecting you. Mrs. Wang， this is Mr. Jordan of the People's Insurance Company of China. He has come to explain the unfortunate affair about the insurance.

A： Thank you for coming. Mr. Brown， as you may recall， the

February consignment arrived at Manila seriously damaged. The loss through breakage was over 30% of the consignment. We've presented a claim to the underwriters through your firm， but the insurance company refused to admit liability， as there was no insurance on breakage. We naturally were not satisfied with such a reply.

B： I should like to hear what Mr. Jordan has to say about it. You know of course that we， the sellers， are merely acting as mediators in this matter. The Insurance Company is responsible for the claim， as far as it is within the scope of coverage.

J： That's just the point. The loss in question was beyond the

coverage granted by us. According to your instructions， we made out an insurance certificate covering W.P.A. and the risk of break- age wasn't mentioned in it. We rang up the Ceramics Section of Light Industrial Products Import & Export Corporation， but were told that their customer had not asked for coverage in case of breakage.

—— 下午好，布朗先生。我們約好四點(diǎn)鐘見面，是不是？

—— 是的，王小姐。我們一直在等你。王小姐，這位是中國人民保險(xiǎn)公 司的喬丹先生。他是來解釋這次不幸事件的保險(xiǎn)問題的。

—— 謝謝你來。布朗先生，你也許記得，二月份發(fā)運(yùn)到馬尼拉的那批貨 物破碎嚴(yán)重。破碎損失超過這批貨物的百分之三十。我們已通過你 們公司向保險(xiǎn)公司提出了索賠，但保險(xiǎn)公司以沒投保破碎險(xiǎn)為由， 拒絕承擔(dān)責(zé)任。我們當(dāng)然對這種回答不滿意。

—— 我想聽聽喬丹先生對此有什么看法。當(dāng)然，你是知道的，我們賣方 對這種事只是個(gè)調(diào)解人。只要在保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)，保險(xiǎn)公司就應(yīng)負(fù) 賠償責(zé)任。

—— 問題就在這里。你說的損失并不包括在我們承保的責(zé)任范圍之內(nèi)。 根據(jù)你們的要求，我們出具了投保水漬險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)憑證，但沒提及到 破碎險(xiǎn)。我們曾打電話給輕工業(yè)品公司陶瓷品部，但他們說，客戶 并未要求投保破碎險(xiǎn)。

B： In the letter of credit only coverage for all marine risks？was requested. I should like to point out that our prices were calcu- lated without insurance for any special risk. So we applied for the usual W.P.A. coverage and let our customers deal with the matter of breakage. Since the validity of the letter of credit was going to expire in two days， there was no time to write for more detailed instructions. If the L/C had been valid for a longer period， we should have had time to make the matter thoroughly clear.

A： Mr. Brown， our import license only ran up to the middle of February， consequently we were not able to extend the validity of the letter of credit. But we presume that the wording of our L/C implies covering the risk of breakage. Besides， when I take a W.P. A. insurance， that is， with particular average， I should think the risk of breakage is a par ticular average， isn't it？

J： Not every breakage is a particular average. It is a particular aver- age when the breakage results from natural ca lam i ties or mar i time accidents， such as stranding and sinking of the car ry ing vessel， or is attributable to fire， explosion or collision. If none of these conditions occur， break age is often considered as an or di nary loss and rep re sents what we call ？inherent vice or nature of the subject matter insured？ which is outside the scope of the coverage.

—— 信用證只要求投?！熬C合海運(yùn)險(xiǎn)”。我想要指出的是，我們的價(jià)格 沒把任何特殊險(xiǎn)計(jì)算在內(nèi)，所以我們只投保了通常的水漬險(xiǎn)，而讓 我們的客戶自行辦理破碎險(xiǎn)事宜。由于信用證兩天內(nèi)就要到期，來 不及寫出更詳細(xì)的說明。如果信用證的有效期長一點(diǎn)的話，我們就 會有時(shí)間把事情徹底說清楚。

—— 布朗先生，我們進(jìn)口許可證的有效期到二月中旬截止，因此我們無 法延長信用證的有效期。但是我方認(rèn)為信用證的措辭包含了投保破 碎險(xiǎn)。此外，當(dāng)我投保水漬險(xiǎn)時(shí)，那就是對單獨(dú)海損要負(fù)責(zé)賠償， 我想破碎險(xiǎn)是屬于一種單獨(dú)海損，對不對？

—— 并不是所有破碎險(xiǎn)都是屬于單獨(dú)海損。只是由于自然災(zāi)害或意外事 故所造成的破碎，如貨船擱淺與沉沒，或歸因于著火、爆炸、或碰 撞所引起的破碎才算是屬于單獨(dú)海損。如果沒有發(fā)生上述事故，破 碎便常被認(rèn)為是一種普通損失，也就是我們所說的，由于“貨物內(nèi) 在缺陷或特性”所引起的損失，不屬于承保范圍之內(nèi)。

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