一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式

1.被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化

被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式,被動語態(tài)由be過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：

1)am/is/are done(過去分詞)一般現(xiàn)在時

例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2)has/have been done現(xiàn)在完成時

例All the preparations for the task have been completed,and we're ready to start.

3)am/is/are being done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

例A new cinema is being built here.

4)was/were done一般過去時

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5)had been done過去完成時

例By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6)was/were being done過去進(jìn)行時

例A meeting was being held when I was there.

7)shall/will be done一般將來時

例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8)should/would be done過去將來時

例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9)shall/will have been done將來完成時(少用)

例The project will have been completed before July.

2.被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞be過去分詞。

例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

例His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3)當(dāng)“動詞賓語賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4)在使役動詞have,make,get以及感官動詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。

例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5)有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞介詞”，“動詞副詞”等，也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3.非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)

v.ing形式及不定式to do也有被動語態(tài)(一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài))。

例I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、如何使用被動語態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)被動語態(tài)時，不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語態(tài)。

1.講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者(這時可省by短語)。

例My bike was stolen last night.

2.借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者。

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3.為了更好地安排句子。

例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一個主語就夠了)

三、It is said that從句及其他類似句型

一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It be過去分詞that從句”或“主語be過去分詞to do sth.”。有：

It is said that…據(jù)說,It is reported that…據(jù)報道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…眾所周知，It is thought that…大家認(rèn)為，It is suggested that…據(jù)建議。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)

四、謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義

1.英語中有很多動詞如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表達(dá)被動意義,主語通常是物。

例This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。

試比較：The door won't lock.(指門本身有毛病)

The door won't be locked.(指不會有人來鎖門,指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因)

2.表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動詞和短語，如：happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true,run out,give out,turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。

例How do the newspapers come out?這些報紙是如何引出來的呢?

3.系動詞沒有被動形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。

例Your reason sounds reasonable

五、非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義

在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義。

1.在need，want，require,bear等詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。

例The house needs repairing(to be repaired).這房子需要修理。

2.形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式;而worthy后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。

例The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)

3.動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。

例I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do與things是動賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)

試比較：I’ll go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?(此處用不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動作的執(zhí)行者。)

4.在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

例This problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out省略了for me).

5.在too…to…結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動意義。

例This book is too expensive(for me)to buy.

6.在there be…句型中，當(dāng)動詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人，用被動形式作定語，重點在物。

例There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost，誰lost time不明確。)

7.在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動表主動,被動表被動。然而,由于古英語的影響,下列動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。

例Who is to blame for starting the fire?

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